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Hasmonean dynasty
The Hasmonean dynasty〔From Late Latin ''Asmonaeus'' from Ancient Greek Ἀσαμωναῖος (''Asamōnaios'') from Hebrew ''Ḥashmona'i''.〕 ( ((audio )); (ヘブライ語:חשמונאים), Roman. ''Ḥashmona'im'') was the ruling dynasty of Judea and surrounding regions during Classical antiquity. Between BC and BC, the dynasty ruled semi-autonomously from the Seleucids in the region of Judea. From 110 BC, with the Seleucid empire disintegrating, the dynasty became fully independent, expanded into the neighbouring regions of Samaria, Galilee, Iturea, Perea, and Idumea, and took the title "basileus". Some modern scholars refer to this period as an independent kingdom of Israel.〔Leon James Wood, David O'Brien, ''A survey of Israel's history'', Zondervan, 1986〕 In 63 BC, the kingdom was conquered by the Roman Republic, broken up and set up as a Roman client state. The Kingdom had survived for 103 years before yielding to the Herodian Dynasty in 37 BC. Even then, Herod the Great tried to bolster the legitimacy of his reign by marrying a Hasmonean princess, Mariamne, and planning to drown the last male Hasmonean heir at his Jericho palace.
The dynasty was established under the leadership of Simon Maccabaeus, two decades after his brother Judas the Maccabee ( יהודה המכבי "''Y'hudhah HaMakabi''") defeated the Seleucid army during the Maccabean Revolt. According to historical sources, including 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees and the first book of ''The Jewish War'' by Jewish historian Flavius Josephus (AD 37–), after Antiochus IV's successful invasion of Ptolemaic Egypt was turned back by the intervention of the Roman Republic,〔Schäfer (2003), pp. 36–40.〕〔(Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, XLV:12 )〕 Antiochus instead moved to assert strict control over the Seleucid satrapy of Coele Syria and Phoenicia,〔http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195393361/obo-9780195393361-0031.xml〕 sacking Jerusalem and its Temple, suppressing Jewish and Samaritan religious and cultural observances,〔 and imposing Hellenistic practices. The ensuing revolt by the Jews (167 BC) began a twenty-five-year period of Jewish independence potentiated by the steady collapse of the Seleucid Empire under attacks from the rising powers of the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire. However, the same power vacuum that enabled the Jewish state to be recognized by the Roman Senate BC was later exploited by the Romans themselves. Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, Simon's great-grandsons, became pawns in a proxy war between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great. The deaths of Pompey (48 BC), Caesar (44 BC), and the related Roman civil wars temporarily relaxed Rome's grip on Israel, allowing a very brief Hasmonean resurgence backed by the Parthian Empire. This short independence was rapidly crushed by the Romans under Mark Antony and Octavian. The installation of Herod the Great (an Idumean) as king in 37 BC made Israel a Roman client state and marked the end of the Hasmonean dynasty. In AD 6, Rome joined Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea (biblical Edom) into the Roman province of Iudaea. In AD 44, Rome installed the rule of a Roman procurator side by side with the rule of the Herodian kings (specifically Agrippa I 41–44 and Agrippa II 50–100).
== Etymology ==
The family name of the Hasmonean dynasty originates with the ancestor of the house, (''Asamoneus'' or ''Asmoneus'') (see Josephus Flavius),〔''Jewish Antiquities'' 12:263 (); (); ()),〕 who is said to have been the great-grandfather of Mattathias, but about whom nothing more is known. An alternative view posits that the Hebrew name ''Hashmona'i'' is linked with the village of Heshbon, mentioned in .〔(OzTorah: Judah Maccabee )〕
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